Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major public health concern due to its impact on human and animal health. The overuse of antibiotics in aquaculture, animal and plant farming has led to the emergence and spread of AMR, which is a significant threat to food security, environmental health, and global economy. This book chapter reviews the current knowledge on the transmission of AMR between different feed sources, including plant, animal and fishmeal feed in aquaculture, and the need for screening and monitoring to prevent the spread of AMR. It also discusses the various methods for screening and monitoring AMR in fishmeal, animal and plant feeds, including the use of culture-based and molecular-based techniques. Furthermore, the chapter examines the challenges associated with the development and implementation of screening and monitoring programs in feed. Several factors contribute to the development and spread of AMR in aquaculture feed sources. These include poor management practices, the use of subtherapeutic doses of antimicrobials, and the use of antimicrobials to compensate for poor environmental conditions. Additionally, the close proximity of aquaculture facilities to each other and to wild aquatic populations can also contribute to the spread of AMR. Therefore, to address the issue of AMR in aquaculture feed sources, the chapter will discuss potential strategies to mitigate the problem. This may include improved regulation of the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture, the development of alternative treatments, and the use of vaccines and other preventive measures to reduce the need for antimicrobials. In conclusion, this chapter will provide a comprehensive review of AMR in aquaculture feed sources, highlighting the importance of this issue and the need for action to address it.
Keywords: Aquaculture Feed Sources, Antimicrobial Resistance, Transmission Factors, Screening and Monitoring, Mitigation Strategies