Kenya’s arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), which comprise 89% of the country’s territory, remain largely untapped for aquaculture despite possessing vast aquatic resources, including permanent rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. This review identifies the potential for aquaculture in ASALs, evaluates key challenges, and proposes actionable strategies by drawing comparisons with Egypt’s successful aquaculture sector. The study employed a narrative review of scientific literature and policy documents to assess water resource suitability, climate conditions, and socio-economic barriers to aquaculture expansion. Results reveal that water bodies such as the Tana and Athi rivers, Lake Turkana, and the Seven Forks Dams offer considerable opportunities for aquaculture, especially for Nile tilapia and African catfish. However, development is hindered by fluctuating water levels, pollution, wildlife interference, limited technical capacity, and financial constraints. Drawing lessons from Egypt, the review recommends adopting integrated water resource management, strengthening governance frameworks, enhancing extension services, and investing in infrastructure and local capacity. Innovative models like cage and pond aquaculture, if well-supported, could transform Kenya’s ASALs into productive hubs for food security and economic growth. The paper offers practical insights for policymakers, investors, and researchers aiming to promote inclusive, climate-resilient aquaculture in dryland regions.
Key words: Aquaculture, Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs), Food Security