Aquaculture in Uganda has undergone remarkable growth and transformation since its inception in the 1941. Over the past 84 years, it has evolved from a small-scale subsistence practice into a key driver of food security, economic development, and export revenue. This transformation has been driven by technological advancements, supportive government policies, and private-sector investment. Specifically, a pivotal shift occurred in the early 2000s when Uganda government actively began promoting commercial aquaculture. This, coupled with the adoption of cage production systems sparked a continuing upward trend in annual aquaculture output, rising from approximately 820 MT in 2000 to 138,558 MT in 2021. Despite the impressive trajectory, the industry still faces major challenges, including limited investments, gaps in science and technology, inadequate fish seed and feed production, and an underdeveloped value chain. Amidst these challenges, there is substantial potential to further develop the aquaculture sub-sector and meet the growing demand for fish, driven primarily by the rapidly growing population. The review indicates that aquaculture production has been expanding significantly and is poised to play a leading role in ensuring food, nutrition and income security in Uganda.