Shrimp aquaculture is highly susceptible to viral diseases, including White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV), which cause significant economic losses worldwide. RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising tool for disease control in shrimp farming, offering a targeted, environmentally friendly approach to suppress the impact of pathogens. RNAi works by introducing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules designed to silence specific pathogen genes, preventing their replication within the host. Despite its potential, the large-scale application of RNAi in shrimp aquaculture faces numerous technical and regulatory obstacles that limit its practical implementation.
Technically, RNAi in shrimp aquaculture is challenged by finding efficient and stable delivery methods ensuring RNA molecules are delivered to target cells. In addition, dsRNA delivery must ensure its integrity in aquatic environments where degradation rates are high. Various delivery methods are under investigation, including microencapsulation, yet these solutions remain in early development and are not cost-effective for widespread use. Additionally, concerns regarding the stability and efficacy of dsRNA in diverse water conditions further complicate their use in commercial aquaculture settings.
Regulatory challenges also pose substantial barriers to the adoption of RNAi in shrimp farming. Due to its genetic nature, RNAi-based treatments are subject to regulatory scrutiny in many countries, with concerns about biosafety, environmental impacts, and food safety. The potential for RNAi molecules to affect non-target species in the ecosystem has led to caution among regulatory bodies, which will lead to lengthy approval processes and the need for extensive environmental impact assessments. Furthermore, the limited regulatory framework specifically for RNAi in aquaculture will complicate compliance for producers (Fig.1). This lack of clear guidelines delays commercial development and may deter investment in RNAi technologies for shrimp aquaculture.
In conclusion, while RNAi holds promise as an innovative tool in shrimp aquaculture for disease management and increasing productivity, substantial technical and regulatory barriers must be addressed to enable its commercial implementation. Continued research, collaboration with regulatory bodies, and investment in RNAi technology will be crucial for overcoming these challenges and advancing sustainable shrimp aquaculture.