Aquaculture is a vital industry in China, with significant advancements made in the basic research and breeding biotechnology of marine fish farming over recent decades. This paper systematically reviews these biotechnological innovations and breeding progress of marine fish in China , structured into four key areas: the current situation and problems in marine fish culture, progress in basic research of marine fish, progress in marine fish breeding biotechnology, and progress in improved marine fish varieties. China faces several challenges in marine fish culture, including slow growth rates, long breeding cycles, germplasm degradation, poor disease resistance, and significant sexual growth differences, which have impeded industry development. In basic research, since the first genome sequencing of the Chinese tongue sole in 2014, over 40 marine fish genomes have been sequenced, leading to key discoveries such as the identification of the dmrt1 gene as the male-determining factor in Chinese tongue sole, the dual regulation of metamorphosis in Japanese flounder by thyroid hormone and retinoic acid, and the revelation that bacterial disease resistance in marine fish is regulated by multiple minor-effect genes. In breeding biotechnology, significant strides have been made, including the development and application of molecular marker-assisted sex control technology, the establishment of a TALEN genome editing platform for Chinese tongue sole to address slow male growth, and the implementation of genome selection (GS) technology for breeding disease-resistant fish. These advancements have resulted in 19 new marine fish varieties, including “Pingyou No.2” and “Tayou No.1”, which demonstrate enhanced survival rates and growth performance. Overall, these innovations have significantly improved marine fish breeding in China, providing a robust foundation for future advancements in fish culture.