Foods produced from the ocean are essential for maintaining environmental friendliness, reducing starvation, and building nutritious, sustainable, and resilient food systems. Still, it is important to keep these in mind while discussing food. More money was made for developing countries by exporting blue foods than by exporting any other agricultural products. The central aim of this study is to analyze the impact of aquaculture production factors on food security within two distinct groups: European Union developing countries (EU13) and European Union developed countries (EU14), spanning the period from 1990 to 2023. To address the endogeneity issue, robust least squares (RLS), two-stage least squares (2SLS), and ordinary least squares (OLS) estimators were employed, yielding crucial insights. The analysis reveals that agriculture and aquaculture production exert a more pronounced influence on food security in EU13 developing countries compared to their EU14 counterparts. Moreover, the precise estimations from the three different methods highlight the significant roles played by fossil fuels, governance, and carbon gross domestic product (GDP) in fostering sustainable food security within EU13 countries in contrast to EU14 developed countries. Based on the study’s findings, policymakers in the developed EU-14 countries are advised to provide policies targeted at advancing aquaculture production and agriculture production top priority. Additionally, this study suggests that authorities in the industrialized EU-14 countries improve the governance, economics, and efficiency of aquaculture’s use of fossil fuels.