In the World, a substantial part of the current human population is lacking in fresh water and food and these problems are among the vital problems currently. Agriculture itself cannot solve the problem of food lack consuming approximately 70% of the total world’s freshwater consumption. Intensive aquaculture development of would overcome this. Globally, there has been no significant increase in marine aquaculture production in two past decades, but in inland freshwaters, total aquaculture production demonstrated high increase. Overwise, in inland freshwaters, total aquaculture production demonstrated high increase thus consuming freshwater and significantly contributing to the eutrophication of freshwater bodies. This reduces the freshwater reserve for drinking and other human needs. In some countries including China, it is becoming a recognized problem. The sharpest conflicts are common between different freshwater users in the arid countries. Aquaculture development needs to look for a way to overcome this. Only a way to overcome this problem is to develop aquaculture in saline and hypersaline lakes without compromising for drinking water source. There are a number of saline and hypersaline lakes and ponds in arid/semi-arid zones; they can be used for effective aquaculture development. Saline/hypersaline lake aquaculture is needed not only to overcome water user’s conflicts; this may significantly intensify aquaculture development in whole. The background of this conclusion is based on high primary productivity of saline/hypersaline waters, more to up to 100 times than land agriculture. One of a key problem in aquaculture is food for cultivated fish and shrimps particularly live food for fish and shrimps larvae. Hypersaline waters can give not only Artemia cysts to overcome the problem. Several animal inhabiting hypersaline waters (Copepoda, Cladocera, Amphipoda, etc.) are the high perspective objects as live food. Algal, plant, and animal biomass produced in the hypersaline lakes/ponds can be used as food not only for fish, shrimps, and farm animals, but for humans also. It also can use as fertilizer or resource for different industries.
This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 18-16-00001).