Aquaculture Canada and WAS North America 2022

August 15 - 18, 2022

St Johns, Newfoundland, Canada

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANT BACTERIA AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN AQUACULTURE: REGULATION OF ANTIBIOTIC USE ACROSS FOUR COUNTRIES

Cory Ochs*, Barbara Neis, Andrew Watterson, Javier Santander, and Zhiwei Gao

Ocean Frontier Institute
Memorial University of Newfoundland
St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7
cochs@mun.ca

 



Marine aquaculture workers face hazardous work environments. Industry use of antibiotics is a workplace hazard with potential consequences for adverse health effects on unprotected workers through exposure to antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria. The growing literature on AMR bacteria in aquaculture has found evidence of elevated incidences of resistance stemming from antibiotic (AB) use in sediments under cages, and in salmonid gut and feces, but potential occupational health impacts are poorly studied. This presentation synthesizes evidence and identifies knowledge gaps on potential occupational exposures to AMR bacteria in aquaculture. We discuss existing data on trends in antibiotic use, reporting mechanisms, and regulation of antibiotic use across Norway, Canada, Scotland, and Chile. In Norway, prescription sales of ABs have hovered around 1.5 mg of active AB ingredients/kg of farmed fish since 2007; Scotland reported 6.5 mg AB/kg of salmon (2018); Canada reported 37 mg AB/ kg salmon (2016) and Chile reported 530 mg AB/kg salmon (2016). Types and quantity of AB use vary across countries and within regions. The rate of AB use appears to be trending downwards in &fraq34; countries with Chile trending upwards between 2010 and 2016 and with some volatility. Aquaculture operators from all four countries are required to identify type and quantity of antibiotic prescribed or applied and in some cases application frequency is also reported. There are a number of weaknesses in the reporting and regulation systems for antibiotic use in aquaculture in Scotland, Canada, and Chile relative to Norway. National reporting and regulatory protocol differences make it difficult to precisely compare rates. From a regulatory perspective, all use of ABs in Norwegian, Scottish, Canadian, and Chilean aquaculture is regulated by law; only veterinarians and aquamedicine biologists can prescribe antibiotics and only for treatment of clinically diagnosed diseases. In Norway, the Veterinary Medicines Register established in 2011 by the Norwegian Food Safety facilitated the collection of information on each prescription for ABs for use in farmed fish. Data on AB use in Scotland is not easily accessed. In Canada, application of ABs requires authorization by Health Canada, and is regulated through the Food and Drug Act but public reporting only started in 2016. In Chile, antimicrobial treatments should be reported monthly through the Aquaculture Inspection System (SIFA). ABs for use in farmed fish generally must be dispensed through pharmacies. Chilean aquaculture’s high dependency on ABs has stimulated research exploring AMR from a public health perspective. Researchers have documented elevated enrichment of AMR bacteria in patients from regions with intensive salmon aquaculture, but there is limited similar research in the other jurisdictions. Agencies responsible for regulating and monitoring occupational health and safety do not appear to be addressing potential AMR bacteria hazards including identifying potential exposure hotspots