Changes in production technology and marketing and changes in feed ingredients are key structural transformations necessary for the aquaculture sector to grow. Today, with improved genetic techniques novel genetic lines are being bred for maximum efficiency over a shorter production period with lower feed conversions. Fishmeal has always been the main source and the preferred choice of nutritionists for quality protein, above all in the formulation and especially in feeds for the youngest ages. Though, with the market volatility of fishmeal, the aquaculture feed industry is looking for novel sources of protein to substitute the fishmeal and this has become a priority. Additional renewable and sustainable protein alternatives are needed.
Unconventional protein sources of comparable value are therefore urgently needed in order to make aquaculture production a sustainable production form in the future. In this context, the potential of insect protein in shrimp & fish diets has attracted much attention. Likewise, fermented animal and plant co-product hydrolysates (ACPH) can meet the many nutritional needs of aquaculture worldwide as a protein alternative in aquafeeds. Protein content in ACPH's is higher and their complement of indispensable amino acids is superior to those of classic ingredients. Brewer's and baker's yeast are high in protein and readily digestible, but were historically expensive. However, new bioreactor technology has lowered the cost of yeast to the point that it now may be cost-effective as a feed ingredient. Seaweed meals, particularly from various kelp species, provide trace minerals and vitamin A, and increase the palatability of shrimp feeds. Dried unicellular algae are high in protein but also expensive for use in growout feeds.
Lastly, new breaking technologies that can transform cellulosic sugars into a wide range of biomaterials including high-value animal feed products and the production of microbial biomass are exciting. High-performance feeds can be produced as these processes generate "functional ingredients" with higher levels of nucleotides and peptides that enhance the overall health and immunity of aquaculture species.
This presentation will address the attributes of unconventional ingredients and co-products with potential to be used in the formulation of aquaculture feeds.