Shrimp immunity and disease control are now considered priorities for shrimp aquaculture. The prevention and the control of diseases are the vast majority of shrimp producer in many countries. Shrimp aquaculture has been dramatically affected by many pathogenic diseases, vibriosis, microsporidia, virus and parasite. The disease problem mainly caused by microsporidia;EHP, and viruses; IHHNV, YHV, TSV, WSSV, IMNV and SHIV. Shrimp immunology is a key element in establishing strategies for disease control in shrimp aquaculture. Thus, research on the development of assays for evaluating and monitoring the shrimp immune state must be emphasized. Performing regular immune "check-ups" would permit not only the detection of shrimp immunodeficiencies, but also the control and improvement of environmental quality. As invertebrates, shrimp's natural immunity acts as a fast and efficient defense mechanism against the pathogens. Their immune system involves hemocytes (for encapsulation, nodule formation and phagocytosis), several plasma components (antimicrobial peptides, histones, lysosomal enzymes, lipopolysaccharide, β-1,3-glucan binding proteins, and recognition molecules), and multimeric systems (clotting protein cascade, prophenoloxidase system). When these defense mechanisms fail to protect the shrimp against bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and their products, disease develops and a negative impact takes place in the shrimp culture system. Studying the shrimp immune system is attractive for the advancement of a basic knowledge on invertebrate and vertebrate general immunity, because it offers various possible alternatives for disease management in shrimp aquaculture. To do this, immune effectors must be identified and characterised. Many materials can enhance shrimp immunity (be immune stimulant) like vitaminC, vitaminE, VitaminD, selenium, zinc, copper, antimicrobial peptide, antivirus peptide, small peptide from marine protein hydrolysate, sulfate polysaccharide from seaweed extract, biological antioxidant like essential oil, herb extract, polyphenol, acidifier, prebiotic such as β-1,3-glucan, Mannanoligosacchride(MOS), fructooligosaccharid(FOS), yeast cell wall, autolyzed yeast, nucleotid, probiotic, etc. The other key point of view for sustainability of shrimp aquaculture is reduced stress especially environmental stress such as density stress, water quality stress; low oxygen level, high ammonia, high nitrite, high organic matter which will effect on shrimp growth performance and suppress immunity. However, the future sustainability of shrimp aquaculture will not only focus on shrimp immunity and disease control but also depend greatly on the selection of disease-resistant animals, making parallel research in immunology and genetics essential including ecological control or improvement.