62 JUNE 2024 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG and reducing reliance on antibiotics. (Adams, 2019). Vaccines are developed to target specific pathogens that pose significant threats to fish health. These vaccines are typically administered via injection, immersion, or oral delivery methods, depending on the species and the specific requirements of the vaccine (Dadar et al., 2017). Progress in vaccine development targeting infectious pathogens in Asian seabass remains limited. There is a lack of research on developing monovalent and bivalent vaccines to protect Asian seabass from Sa and Si infections, impeding efforts to control streptococcosis in seabass farming. This study, conducted at the Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management (AARM) Program of the Asian Institute of Introduction Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Figure 1), is one of the most important tropical fish species cultivated across the Asia-Pacific region (Robinson et al., 2010). The rapid intensification and expansion of its farming has led to a rise in the occurrence of various diseases, posing challenges to the sustainability of Asian seabass aquaculture. Streptococcus agalactiae (Sa) and Streptococcus iniae (Si) are the primary causative agents of streptococcosis, a common disease affecting seabass reared in diverse environments. Mass mortalities attributed to diseases have imposed significant economic losses globally within seabass farming regions (Agnew et al., 2007). Fish vaccination is critical to preventing disease outbreaks Monovalent and Bivalent Vaccination Against Streptococcus Disease in Asian Seabass Nguyen Giang Thu Lan, Krishna R. Salin, Siwaporn Longyant, Saengchan Senapin and Ha Thanh Dong FIGURE 1. Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. Photo by Thu Lan NG.
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