66 DECEMBER • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG (300-350gm) than the usual 5-6 months. Feed (30 per cent protein) is provided at 5% body weight daily. Case study (II): Fish Farming in Coal Mine Pit in Jharkhand Fish farming in these abandoned coal pits is promoted by Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), which transformed several coal pits into fish farms promoting responsible use of natural resources. The fish farming project was developed across five abandoned coal pits in Jharkhand, providing income opportunities for local tribal communities inhabiting the coal mine area. This project converts the unused coal pits into income-generating assets contributing to regional development and economic upliftment. One such operation is Karkatta A & Karkatta C Pisciculture Projects, initiated by Central Coalfields Limited (CCL) in the NK Area for the purpose of regional aquaculture development. The project has a total area of 1.80 Ha, with 15 fish cages producing 200 tonnes of fish annually. These projects contribute to the overall economic upliftment of rural areas while promoting ecologically responsible water-filled coal mine pits. Conclusion Abandoned coal pits have great potential for aquaculture, having sufficient quantities of water which can be efficiently used for cage culture. They not only provide livelihoods and income to local villages but also play a significant role in the rehabilitation of flora and fauna in these socio-ecologically disturbed ecosystems. Fish farming projects can be implemented in various coal mine pits throughout the country for promoting income-generating activities. TABLE 1. Heavy metal concentration in coal mine water. S.N. Heavy metals In water (ppm) 1. Fe 0.63-1.56 2. Co 0.001-0.002 3. Ni 0.005-0.007 4. Cu 0.016-0.036 5. Zn 0.399-0.590 6. Mn 0.035-0.098 7. Hg 0.001-0.003 FIGURE 3. Karkatta Aquaculture Projects in the NK Area, Jharkhand. Notes Vinod Kumar*, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India. * Corresponding author: avisahu278@gmail.com References Bahnasawy, M., A.A. Khidr and N. Dheina. 2009. Seasonal variations of heavy metals concentrations in mullet, Mugil cephalus and Liza ramada (Mugilidae) from Lake Manzala, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 13(2): 81–100. Department of Fisheries. 2023. Handbook on Fisheries Statistics. Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Government of India, New Delhi. Available at: https://dof.gov.in/sites/ default/files/2024-07/Annual_ Report_2023-24_English.pdf (Accessed on 23 March 2025). Ismail, I. and T. Moustafa. 2016. Biosorption of heavy metals. In: Heavy Metals: Sources, Toxicity and Remediation Techniques. January 2016: 131–174. Prasetiyono, E. and D. Syaputra. 2018. In Perpat Permai Fish Cultivation Group, Kelurahan. LPM News, 21(2). Press Information Bureau (PIB). 2024. Coal Pits for Prosperity – CCL Fish Farming for Community Empowerment. New Delhi – 110001. Available at: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm. aspx?PRID=2065260®=3&lang=1. Singh, A.K. 2014. Physico-chemical and biological environment of the abandoned coal quarries for the possibility of fish culture. Unpublished report/thesis (Note: more details needed if published source). Staszak, K. and M. Regel-Rosocka. 2024. Removing heavy metals: cutting-edge strategies and advancements in biosorption technology. Materials, 17(5): 1155. CALLING ALL READERS DO YOU HAVE SOMETHING YOU WOULD LIKE TO CONTRIBUTE TO WORLD AQUACULTURE? We’d love to see it! We welcome general features, articles and news covering a variety of aquaculture-related topics, preferably well-illustrated with photographs and line art. Published quarterly, the magazine keeps WAS members up to date with research results and reviews of aquaculture trends and topics. You do not need to be a member of the Society and there are no page charges. Guidelines for authors are available here. Submit manuscripts to C. Greg Lutz, Editor in Chief, at glutz@agcenter.lsu.edu or Cecilia Castellanos Nichols, ed.assistant@was.org when emailing your submission.
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