WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2025 43 FIGURE 6. Three coastal plant mixes including Juncus sp and Spartina alterniflora were able to uptake over 90% of nitrogen but only about 30% of phosphorus (S. Hall). FIGURE 7. Oysters can be encouraged in some cases as coastal protection, filtration and for their ecosystem services (photo C. Malveaux). FIGURE 8. This system was used to assess carbon sequestration from striped bass culture via halophytic Salicornia which shows promise as both a food product and possible uptake mechanism for nutrients and carbon with marine aquaculture effluent. Full scale studies with commercial fish production and Salicornia in greenhouse and/or constructed wetlands is in the development stage (C. Pascual). Marine aquaculture is growing fast (Figure 7). Further expansion of this sector will require diverse methods to recapture nutrient value, including marine aquaponics, which should further enhance economic productivity and ecological sustainability (Figure 8). For further information, consider the Aquacultural Engineering Society, with free membership this year. Corporate sponsors are invited as well: https://www.aesweb.org. Notes Steven G. Hall* and Christopher Pascual, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. * Corresponding author: Shall5@ncsu.edu References Al-Hafedh, Y.S., Alam, A. and Alam, M.A. (2003) ‘Performance of plastic biofilter media with different configuration in a water recirculation system for the culture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)’, Aquacultural Engineering, 29(3–4), pp. 139–154. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8609(03)00065-7. Lennard, W.A. and Leonard, B.V. (2006) ‘A Comparison of Three Different Hydroponic Sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an Aquaponic Test System’, Aquaculture International, 14(6), pp. 539–550. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-006-9053-2. Nghia, N.H. et al. (2021) ‘Control of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (AHPND strain) and improvement of water quality using nanobubble technology’, Aquaculture Research, 52(6), pp. 2727– 2739. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15124. Oladimeji, S.A. et al. (2020) ‘Aquaponics production of catfish and pumpkin: Comparison with conventional production systems’, Food Science & Nutrition, 8(5), pp. 2307–2315. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1512. Pascual, C., L. Xiang, R. Hernandez, S. Hall, 2024. Optimizing light intensity and salinity for sustainable kale (Brassica oleracea) production and potential application in marine aquaponics. Sustainability 16 (34), 10516. Pascual, C., 2025. Optimizing nutrient conversion and recovery in marine aquaponics. PhD dissertation, North Carolina State University. https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.20/45160 Rakocy, J.E. (ed.) 1994. Aquaponics: the integration of fish and vegetable culture in recirculating systems: https://doi. org/10.22004/ag.econ.258746. Sachs, I. and Silk, D. (1987) ‘Nutrition and Urban Agriculture: Introduction: Urban Agriculture and Self-Reliance’, Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 9 (2), pp. 1–3.
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