58 MARCH 2025 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Conclusion Our findings strongly indicated that selected immunerelated genes were involved in the response of L. vannamei toward V. harveyi. Bacterial toxic genes, ToxR and LuxR gene were significantly involved in V. harveyi infection in L. vannamei. Shrimp cultured at 20 ppt exhibit the highest resistance to V. harveyi infection, demonstrating enhanced expression of immune-related genes, while shrimp cultured at 5 ppt and 30 ppt reserved their energy for osmoregulation process to adapt to salinity changes. Notes Zulaikha Mat Deris and Li Lian Wong*, Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. * Corresponding author: lilian@umt.edu.my References Aguilera-Rivera, K.D., Escalante-Herrera, G., Gaxiola, A., Prieto-Davo, G., Rodríguez- Fuentes, E., Guerra-Castro, J., HernandezLopez, M.C., ChavezSanchez, R., and RodríguezCanul (2019). Immune response of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, previously reared in biofloc and after an infection assay with Vibrio harveyi. Journal World Aquaculture Society, 50:119–136. Ali, S., Ullah, W., Kamarulzaman, A.F.S., Hassan, M., Rauf, M., Khattak, M.N.K., and Dawar, F.U. (2023). Proteomic profile of epidermal mucus from Labeo rohita reveals differentially abundant proteins after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology Reports, 5, pp.100115. Baker-Austin, C., Oliver, J.D., Alam, M., Ali, A., Waldor, M.K., Qadri, F., and MartinezUrtaza, J., 2018. Vibrio spp. infections. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 4(1), pp.1-19. Bi, J., Ning, M., Xie, X., Fan, W., Huang, Y., Gu, W., Wang, W., Wang, L., and Meng, Q., 2020. A typical C-type lectin, perlucin-like protein, is involved in the innate immune defense of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & shellfish Immunology, 103, pp.293-301. Boas, L.K.E., Gregory, G.J., and Boyd, E.F., 2023. NhaR, LeuO, and H-NS Are Part of an Expanded Regulatory Network for Ectoine Biosynthesis Expression. Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 89(6), pp.e00479-23. Brown, C., 2023. Heterogeneity Among Harveyi CladeSpecific Virulence Genes and Attribution of These Genes to Possible Environmental Carriers. Byers, J.E., 2021. Marine parasites and disease in the era of global climate change. Annual Review of Marine Science, 13(1), pp.397-420. de la Vega, E., Degnan, B.M., Hall, M.R. and Wilson, K.J., 2007. Differential expression of immune-related genes and transposable elements in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) exposed to a range of environmental stressors. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 23(5), pp.1072-1088. FIGURE 4. Expression profiles of multifunctional genes in Litopenaues vannamei cultured at different salinity levels after infection by Vibrio harveyi (Inner layer: 5 ppt; Middle layer: 20 ppt; Outer layer: 30 ppt). Elongation factor (EL) was used as an internal reference gene to standardize the dataset. FIGURE 5. Expression of bacterial toxic genes in Litopenaues vannamei cultured at different salinity levels after infection by Vibrio harveyi. 16SrRNA was used as an internal reference gene to standardize the data. Our findings strongly indicated that selected immune-related genes were involved in the response of L. vannamei toward V. harveyi. Bacterial toxic genes, ToxR and LuxR gene were significantly involved in V. harveyi infection in L. vannamei. Shrimp cultured at 20 ppt exhibit the highest resistance to V. harveyi infection, demonstrating enhanced expression of immune-related genes, while shrimp cultured at 5 ppt and 30 ppt reserved their energy for osmoregulation process to adapt to salinity changes.
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