62 DECEMBER 2024 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG and the economics of culture. Each aspect consists of specific characteristics and considerations that play a crucial role in determining the suitability of fish species for cultivation. From the results published by CMFRI, there are about 36 species of food fishes, five species of fishes of conservation concern, four species of region-specific importance, and 31 species of ornamental fishes. It is evident that food fishes and ornamental fishes are already given importance in mariculture operations as they contribute 90% of the total revenue generated by mariculture (Ranjan et al. 2017) (Figure 3). Figure 4 highlights the substantial contribution of different fish types among the 36 culturable mariculture species, emphasizing their crucial role in satisfying the increasing demand for seafood and bolstering food security. Figure 5 presents essential considerations for the primary culturable mariculture species in India, specifically addressing factors such as recommended stocking weight, stocking density, stocking length, and optimal harvest time. Notably, this figure focuses on four key species: Cobia, Pompano, Seabass, and Grouper (Figure 5). Table 2 outlines the various potential challenges that may arise in mariculture operations and the corresponding norms and practices to mitigate these issues effectively. These challenges encompass a range of concerns, from the inadvertent introduction of pathogens through brood stock or seed to the environmental impact of organic waste accumulation. Additionally, the table addresses the risks associated with biological invasions, escape of cultured fish, the use of drugs and chemicals, predation by wild species, and the genetic quality of cultured stock. Each challenge is accompanied by specific norms and guidelines designed to ensure the sustainability and success of mariculture ventures while minimizing adverse effects on the marine ecosystem. Future Research Scope Mariculture research holds immense promise and beckons for exploration in several key areas. One of the foremost avenues for future investigation lies in the development and refinement of sustainable feed sources. As the demand for high-quality feed continues to surge, exploring alternative and eco-friendly feed ingredients, such as insect-based protein and microalgae, can significantly reduce the industry's ecological footprint. In addition, embracing advancements in genetics and selective breeding can lead to the creation of superior strains of mariculture species with enhanced disease resistance, growth rates, and overall performance. This approach not only ensures healthier stocks but also optimizes production efficiency. Furthermore, integrating precision aquaculture techniques, driven by data analytics and realtime monitoring, promises to revolutionize mariculture practices. Fine-tuning environmental parameters, feeding schedules, and disease management through technology-driven solutions will maximize resource utilization and minimize environmental impacts. Exploring the potential of multi-trophic systems, where different species are cultured together to enhance nutrient recycling, can further boost the sustainability of mariculture operations. Cultivating seaweeds alongside finfish, for example, can help mitigate water quality issues and promote environmental balance. Conclusions Mariculture represents a dynamic and pivotal solution to address the pressing challenges of food security, overfishing, and FIGURE 4. Contribution of different types of fish to food mariculture. FIGURE 5. Key considerations for major culturable mariculture fish species in India. Mariculture represents a dynamic and pivotal solution to address the pressing challenges of food security, overfishing, and environmental sustainability. As our world population continues to grow, the demand for seafood escalates and the strain on natural marine resources intensifies, mariculture emerges as a beacon of hope. By harnessing innovative technologies, adopting responsible practices, and continually advancing our understanding of marine ecosystems, mariculture has the potential to not only meet the world's seafood needs but also contribute to the preservation of marine biodiversity.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjExNDY=