50 SEPTEMBER 2024 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG important pigments and polysaccharides that can enhance the fish’s immune system. Therefore, the inclusion of 15% macroalgae in the tilapia diet proved viable under the conditions tested, yielding the same productivity rate compared to the control diet, while also eliminating the use of wheat bran and reducing the percentage of soybean meal inclusion. Optimizing Macroalgae Cultivation in Biofloc Systems Due to the distinct characteristics of the biofloc system, which include a high solids concentration and limited space, it is necessary to adopt cultivation structures up to 10 cm deep, maintain an initial concentration of 250 mg L-¹ of total suspended solids, and manage the solids concentration in systems with inorganic fertilization (Figure 5). Improving methods for managing macroalgae in closed biofloc systems creates opportunities for expanding the integrated system with high productivity and sustainability. Macroalgae have proven to be viable inorganic consumers in the application of the integrated system with biofloc. Biomass production during cultivation leads to increased final productivity, with a high rate of nutrient absorption that maintains water quality, allowing it to be reused over several production cycles. Additionally, the formation of biomass with high nutritional content allows for the diversification of macroalgae applications. Notes Andrezza Carvalho, Alessandro P. Cardozo, Rafaela Crespo, Marcelo Tesser, Geraldo Foes, Dariano Krummenauer, Gamze Turan, Wilson Wasielesky Jr., and Luis H. Poersch*, Marine Aquaculture Center, Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG, Brasil. * Corresponding author: lpoersch@gmail.com References Alencar, J.R. de, Junior, P.A.H., and Celino, J.J. 2010. Cultivo de Camarão Branco Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) com a Macro-alga Ulva Lactuca Linneaus (Chlorophyta) no Tratamento de Efluentes em Sistema Fechado de Recirculação. Rev. Biol. e Ciências da Terra 10, 117–137. Almeida AP, V.L. 2013. The Marine Macroalgae of the Genus Ulva: Chemistry, Biological Activities and Potential Applications. Oceanogr. Open Access 01, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.4172/23322632.1000101 Brandão, H., Xavier, Í.V., Santana, G.K.K., Santana, H.J.K., Krummenauer, D., and Wasielesky, W. 2021. Heterotrophic versus mixed BFT system: Impacts on water use, suspended solids production and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquac. Eng. 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2021.102194 Carvalho, A., Costa, L.C. de O., Holanda, M., Poersch, L.H., and Turan, G. 2023. Influence of Total Suspended Solids on the Growth of the Sea Lettuce Ulva lactuca Integrated with the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in a Biofloc System. Fishes 8, 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030163 FIGURE 4. Juvenile tilapia adapted well to diets with up to 15% macroalgae inclusion. FIGURE 5. Managing macroalgae in closed biofloc systems creates opportunities for higher productivity and sustainability.
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