64 JUNE 2024 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand. This research was partially supported by a research fund from the UK government’s Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC), Global AMR Innovation Fund (GAMRIF) and the International Development Research Center (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada (Grant no. 109050-003) to Assisant Professor Dr. Ha Thanh Dong and BIOTEC Fellow Research Grant (P-1950170) to Saengchan Senapin; Nguyen Giang Thu Lan received the AITCV Silver Anniversary Scholarship from the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand. The authors thank the research staff at AIT and Centex Shrimp for their technical assistance. Readers may refer to “Systemic and mucosal antibody response of freshwater cultured Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) to monovalent and bivalent vaccines against Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae” published in Fish and Shellfish Immunology in 2021 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.014) for more detailed information on experimental design, fish maintenance, bacterial antigen preparation, vaccine preparation, fish immunization, sample collection, serum and mucus antibody analysis, laboratory aquarium challenge tests, and data analyses. References Adams, A. (2019). Progress, challenges and opportunities in fish vaccine development. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 90, 210-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.066 Agnew, W., & Barnes, A. C. (2007). Streptococcus iniae: an aquatic pathogen of global veterinary significance and a challenging candidate for reliable vaccination. Vet Microbiol, 122(1-2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.002 Dadar, M., Dhama, K., Vakharia, V. N., Hoseinifar, S. H., Karthik, K., Tiwari, R., Khandia, R., Munjal, A., Salgado-Miranda, C., & Joshi, S. K. (2017). Advances in aquaculture vaccines against fish pathogens: Global status and current trends. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 25(3), 184-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/2330 8249.2016.1261277 Robinson, N. A., Schipp, G., Bosmans, J., & Jerry, D. R. (2010). Modelling selective breeding in protandrous, batch-reared Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) using walkback selection. Aquaculture Research, 41(10), e643-e655. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02584.x in aquaculture by protecting against two different pathogens with a single administration. This approach not only simplifies the vaccination process for farmers but also reduces stress on fish and enhances the efficiency of disease prevention strategies, thereby minimizing the risk of disease outbreaks. In summary, this study examined the systemic and mucosal antibody response as well as the efficacy of vaccines in Asian seabass, focusing on both monovalent and bivalent inactivated vaccines. The research emphasizes the feasibility of administering the bivalent SaSi vaccine in a single injection to prevent streptococcosis in Asian seabass. Perspectives Vaccines provide an essential tool for bacterial disease control in farmed fish. By addressing the challenges Sa and Si pose, these vaccines offer a promising solution for farmers. Moreover, they pave the way for researchers to explore avenues for intensifying Asian seabass aquaculture. Further field trials are needed to assess vaccine efficacy before scaling up production to a commercial level. Additionally, future research exploring the mechanisms of IgT and IgZ in fish mucus promises to understand the specific roles of antibodies in teleost mucosal immunity and disease prevention strategies. Notes Nguyen Giang Thu Lan, Ph.D., Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Krishna R. Salin, Ph.D., Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; Siwaporn Longyant, Ph.D., Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand; Saengchan Senapin, Ph.D., Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand and National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand; and Ha Thanh Dong, Ph.D., Aquaculture and Aquatic FIGURE 4. Following challenges with PBS buffer (+PBS), single S. agalactiae (+Sa), single S. iniae (+Si), or combined S. agalactiae and S. iniae (+Sa-Si), the survival rates of Asian seabass were compared between vaccinated and non-vaccinated control groups. Each treatment was conducted in duplicate, with 10 fish per tank, and the error bars indicate standard errors. Vaccines provide an essential tool for bacterial disease control in farmed fish. By addressing the challenges Sa and Si pose, these vaccines offer a promising solution for farmers. Moreover, they pave the way for researchers to explore avenues for intensifying Asian seabass aquaculture.
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