WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2024 61 et al. 2017), and might be related to the higher growth performance observed, as protein deposition in the muscle of crustaceans is the main way of growing. A similar trend was observed for lipid contents in the muscle (Figure 5), in which treatments Chol-1.0 and Chol-1.5 exhibited higher values. This has been previously reported in other species of crustaceans (Gu et al. 2017). Cholesterol might increase lipid storage and provide energy support for growth (Tian et al. 2020). Finally, cholesterol contents in the hepatopancreas increased as the dietary cholesterol did (Figure 6). Noteworthy, the organisms fed with diet Chol-0 maintained small quantities of cholesterol in the hepatopancreas, which is the main organ of storage of lipidic molecules in crustaceans; however, it seems that 100 mM were not enough to sustain the growth of juvenile stage of M. acanthurus. During the juvenile stage, growth is one of the most demanding processes for energy and nutrients, so the organisms must have them readily available. On the other hand, the treatment Chol-1.5 showed the highest content and so far, there is no information on the quantities that might be toxic for organisms. Besides, it has been reported in other species of crustaceans (Kumar et al. 2018) that feeding cholesterol in excess affects growth performance. Considering the levels reported for other species of Macrobrachium, we posit that an inclusion higher than 1.0 percent (for instance, 1.5 percent) could affect the growth and metabolism of juvenile M. acanthurus in the long term. Conclusions Based on our findings, juvenile of M. acanthurus require an inclusion of 1g/100 g of diet or 1 percent of cholesterol for normal development and growth. This was confirmed by the data obtained from contents of protein and lipids in muscle, and the cholesterol content in the hepatopancreas. The lack of dietary cholesterol caused hepatopancreas content of this compound to decrease significantly and the quantity recorded in this research of 100 mM was not enough to sustain growth of juveniles. As well, the higher inclusion of cholesterol (1.5 percent) might cause, in the long term, a negative effect in growth. It should be noted that 1 percent of dietary cholesterol represents the inclusion recommendation for the juvenile stage of this species, as individuals during sexual maturation or during the reproductive season might require different inclusion of this nutrient. As well, females and males might have different requirements. The assessment of cholesterol supplementation presented here is a step forward to understand the nutrient requirements of Macrobrachium acanthurus. This information will help us to develop practical and economic feasible diets that can be used during the culture of this species. Notes Alfredo Maldonado-Shibayama, Mario Alfredo Fernández-Araiza, Susana Alejandra Frías-Gómez, Mauricio Castillo-Dominguez, and Luis Héctor Hernández-Hernández* Laboratorio de Producción Acuícola, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México, C.P. 54090 * Corresponding author: luish3@yahoo.com 1 Amplex Rex® cholesterol assay, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California USA References AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 2015. Official methods of analysis, 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, Virginia, USA. Blight, E. and W. J. Dyer. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology 37:911-917. D´Abramo, L. T. and W. H. Daniels. 1994. Sterol requirement of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Page 200 In: Abstracts of World Aquaculture ´94. January 14-18, 1994. New Orleans, Louisiana. 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Pages 502-523 In: M. B. New, W. C. Valenti, J. H. Tidwell, L. R. D Abramo and M. N. Kutty, editors. Freshwater prawns: biology and farming. Blackwell Publishing, New York, USA. Loran-Nuñez, R. M. 2017. Observaciones de la pesquería de langostino (Macrobrachium sp.) en el estado de Veracruz, México. Ciencia Pesquera 25: 31-34. Mykles, D. L. 2021. Signaling pathways that regulate the crustacean molting gland. Frontiers in Endocrinology 12: 674711. Teshima, S., M. Ishikawa, S. Koshio and A. Kanazawa.1997. Assessment of cholesterol requirements in the shrimp, Penaeus japonicus. Aquaculture Nutrition 3:247-253. Tian, H., C. Yang, Y. Yu, W. Yang, N. Lu, H. Wang, F. Liu, A. Wang and X. Xu. 2020. Dietary cholesterol level affects growth, molting performance and ecdysteroid signal transduction in Procambarus clarkii. Aquaculture 523: 735198. The assessment of cholesterol supplementation presented here is a step forward to understand the nutrient requirements of Macrobrachium acanthurus. This information will help us to develop practical and economic feasible diets that can be used during the culture of this species.
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