50 JUNE 2024 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG requirements of the target fish species. These supplements can be in various forms, such as powders, granules, or premixes containing a blend of essential minerals. However, to prevent potential negative outcomes, careful consideration is needed to avoid over-fortification, which can be detrimental to fish health (Sugiura et al. 1998). Coating This involves either encasing the BSFL-based feeds with a thin layer of mineral-rich material via encapsulation or spray-drying, or through vacuum coating where a layer of liquid or powdered additives are applied on the feed particles under vacuum conditions. By delivering specific minerals in a controlled manner, this strategy may increase the bioavailability of minerals while lowering the possibility of interactions with other feed ingredients. However, more research is required to determine whether or not this approach is scalable and cost-effective for commercial production (Chang and Nickerson 2018). Bio-fortification This involves providing the insect larvae with feeds or substrates that have been intentionally fortified with specific minerals such as calcium and phosphorous. By strategically manipulating the diet of the larvae, their bodies naturally assimilate the desired minerals during their growth phase. This method not only enhances the mineral content of BSFL but also ensures that the larvae themselves become carriers of these vital elements (Ferrari et al. 2022). This approach offers a more sustainable and potentially cost-effective solution compared to other methods but requires careful optimization of the substrate composition and a deeper understanding of mineral uptake mechanisms in BSFL. Precise control over the final mineral content in BSFL can be challenging compared to direct inclusion of supplements Fermentation Different fermentation techniques have been shown to have the potential to improve the bioavailability of minerals found naturally in feed ingredients (Samtiya et al. 2021). These fermentation techniques could be used in production of BSFL-based feeds to help convert complex mineral forms into simpler forms that fish can absorb more easily. This strategy can increase the utilization of the minerals already present in BSFL without the need for further supplementation, thereby providing a sustainable and affordable solution. Nevertheless, there is still little information on the efficacy of these fermentation strategies, and selecting the best fermentation technique is essential for attaining the desired results. Benefits of Fortified BSFL Aquafeeds Mineral supplementation of feeds has many benefits for fish health and nutrition and eventually for human nutrition. Mineral supplementation of BSFL aquafeeds can have positive impacts on fish health and performance such as: • Improved mineral uptake required for growth and bone development, energy metabolism and immunological functions. This translates to healthier fish populations. • Improved growth rates and feed conversion ratios. • Enhanced bone development and skeletal health. • Strengthened immune function and increased disease resistance. • Reduced reliance on antibiotics hence combating the concern on antibiotic resistance in aquaculture. • Enhanced product quality which will benefit the end consumer. Challenges and Future Considerations Although supplementing BSFL aquafeeds with minerals offers a promising way to address mineral deficiencies in aquatic species, and to also realize their full potential, several challenges need to be addressed for optimal efficacy and widespread adoption. Challenges to address: • Optimization of fortification strategies in production of BSFL aquafeeds. • Ensuring the cost-effectiveness of fortified BSFL aquafeeds is crucial, as the feeds need to be economically viable for large scale production and also able to compete with existing aquaculture feed options. • To consider the implementation of fortified BSFL-based feeds in aquaculture, clear regulations and standards need to be established to guarantee product quality, safety, and customer confidence. FIGURE 3. Factors affecting bioavailability of minerals in cultured aquatic species. FIGURE 4. ICIPE outreach and educational activities.
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