62 MARCH 2024 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Remediation of Melamine Remediation of melamine contamination is a critical aspect of managing the risks associated with exposure. Melamine remediation has been studied using various techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological ones (Fig. 4). Techniques like filtration, adsorption, and membrane separation are examples of physical procedures. To remove melamine from water and food products, these techniques use various substances, including activated carbon, zeolites, and polymers (Xu et al. 2020). Chemical methods use oxidants, reducing agents, and chelating agents to break down or remove melamine from contaminated materials. These methods include ozonation, hydrogen peroxide treatment, and EDTA treatment (Li et al. 2015; Prevot et al. 2020). Biological methods involve using microorganisms or enzymes to degrade melamine in contaminated materials (Takagi et al. 2012). These techniques have shown potential in laboratory experiments, but more study is required to create workable and efficient melamine contamination treatment plans. Prevention is the most effective approach to managing the risks associated with melamine exposure. This includes establishing strict quality control procedures to prevent melamine contamination in food and feed products and ensuring that regulatory limits for melamine in food products are adhered to. Conclusion Melamine is a synthetic compound that has found widespread use in various industries due to its unique properties. The health of aquatic animals and humans have both been proven to be adversely affected by this compound. Melamine contamination incidents, such as the Chinese milk scandal and pet food contamination, have highlighted the need for more stringent regulation of its use and disposal. Melamine can enter the aquatic environment through various pathways, including industrial discharges and agricultural runoff, and can persist for long periods. Melamine toxicity in aquatic animals can cause kidney damage, reduced growth and reproductive toxicity, among other adverse effects. Various remediation methods, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches, have been explored to tackle the effects of TABLE 1. Accepted acute ecotoxicity data of melamine for freshwater organisms. Taxon/species L(E)C50 (mg/L) Reference Bacteria Pseudomonas putida > 1000 Tillmann (1990) Protozoa Tetrahymena pyriformes 1854 Wang et al. (2011) Tetrahymena thermophila 1000 Li et al. (2015) Algae Scenedesmus pannonicus 2544 Oldersma & Hanstveit (1982) Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata >100 EC (2007) Crustacea Daphnia magna 60 EC (2007) Pisces Oncorhynchus mykiss >3000 Lech (1985) TABLE 2. Accepted chronic ecotoxicity data of melamine for freshwater organisms. Taxon/ species NOEC or L(E)C10(mg/L) Reference Bacteria Pseudomonas putida > 1000 Tillmann (1990) Protozoa Tetrahymena pyriformes 216 Wan et al. (2011) Tetrahymena thermophila 250 Li et al. (2015) Algae Scenedesmus pannonicus 601 Oldersma & Hanstveit (1982) Crustacea Daphnia magna 32 Adema (1978); EC (2007) Pisces Jordanella floridae >1000 Adema (1982) Oncorhynchus mykiss 750 Lech (1985) Pimephales promelas 5.25 Salinas et al. (2015)
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