20 DECEMBER 2023 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG communities. Onsite research will aid in planning offshore seaweed farming operations for food, feed, and biofuels. We are currently testing macroalgae for extended shelf-life and value-added products. Collaborations with local chefs and expansion into local and international markets are underway, providing valuable nutritional information to consumers. Working in tropical climates offers advantages, as warmer air temperatures facilitate enzymatic deconstruction of macroalgae, opening potential avenues for commercialization. Production of feed ingredients from fermented or partially microbially digested macroalgae could aid in decarbonizing the animal feed industry. In conclusion, our research aims to validate economically and environmentally sustainable tropical macroalgae as a domestic, low carbon product. Acknowledgments This research was funded by ARPA-e MARINER (Contract # DE-AR0000924), ARPA-E Open 2018 (Contract # DEAR0001037), World Wildlife Fund, and Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission. We are especially grateful for our collaborators at Ānuenue Fisheries Research Center and KUA (Kua’āina Ulu ‘Auamo) for providing us with starting culture material and team members Daniel Delago and Makanahele Emmsley for data collection and analysis. We acknowledge that we work and live on native Hawaiian land. Notes Simona Augyte*, M.J. MacMahon, Trevor Chambers, Jennica Lowell-Hawkins, Neil A. Sims. Ocean Era, Inc., 73-4460 Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. #123 Kailua-Kona, HI, USA 96740. * Corresponding author: augyte.simona@gmail.com References Abbott, I. A. 1978. The uses of seaweed as food in Hawaii. Economic Botany 32:409–412. Chambers, T. 2022. A comparative CO2 life cycle analysis of three nutrient sources for a novel offshore macroalgae farm in Hawai’i. Master’s thesis. University of Hawai’i, Hilo. pp. 68. Dailer, M. L., J. E. Smith and C. M. Smith. 2012. Responses of bloom forming and non-bloom forming macroalgae to nutrient enrichment in Hawai’i, USA. Harmful Algae 17:111–125. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2012.03.008 Duarte, C. M., A. Bruhn and D. Krause-Jensen. 2022. A seaweed aquaculture imperative to meet global sustainability targets. Nature Sustainability 5: 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893021-00773-9 Dulai, H., C. M. Smith, D. W. Amato, V. Gibson and L. L. Bremer. 2021. Risk to native marine macroalgae from land-use and climate change-related modifications to groundwater discharge in Hawaiʻi. Limnology And Oceanography Letters 8: 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10232 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2020. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/ca9229en/ ca9229en.pdf Hwang, E. K. and C. S. Park. 2020. Seaweed cultivation and utilization of Korea. Algae 35(2): 107–121. https://doi.org/10.4490/ algae.2020.35.5.15 McDermid, K. J., K. J. Martin and M. C. Haws. 2019. Seaweed resources of the Hawaiian Islands. Botanica Marina 62(5): 442462. https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0091 Navarrete, I. A., D. Y. Kim, C. Wilcox, D. C. Reed, D. W. Ginsburg, J. M. Dutton, J. Heidelberg, Y. Raut and B. H. Wilcox. 2021. Effects of depth-cycling on nutrient uptake and biomass production in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 141: 110747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rser.2021.110747 Reed, M. I. E. 1907. The Economic Seaweeds of Hawai’i and their food value. Pages 61–88 In: Annual report of the Hawai’i Agricultural Experimental Station, Honolulu, Hawai’i. FIGURE 7. Ulva lactuca growing on a line from material seeded onto the line. In conclusion, our research aims to validate economically and environmentally sustainable tropical macroalgae as a domestic, low carbon product.
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