WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2023 65 Recent FAO Publication Species diversification has become an increasingly prominent strategy for sustainable aquaculture development. This paper develops a benchmarking system to examine species diversification patterns in around 200 countries for three decades to generate information and insights in support of evidence-based policy and planning in aquaculture development. The system uses “effective number of species” (ENS) as a diversity measure. A statistical model is established to estimate a benchmark ENS for each country and construct a benchmarking species diversification index (BSDI). Available at www.fao.org/3/cb8335en/cb8335en.pdf. er climate change, disease outbreaks, market fluctuations es diversification has become an increasingly prominent aculture development. Policy and planning on species sector-wide perspective to assess the overall prospect of that may not be entirely successful when competing for s. This paper examines the status and trends of species ture and establishes a benchmarking system to facilitate rsification patterns across countries. The benchmarking s of around 200 countries for three decades can provide ate evidence-based policy and planning in sustainable ionally, the benchmarking system can be used in foresight ne future production targets in policy and planning for ting the usefulness of global experiences in guiding policy ntries may motivate more efforts in strengthening global ed global data would not only enhance the quality of e benchmarking system but also could expand the system o include more indicators. 605 FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER Benchmarking species diversification in global aquaculture 605 FAO ISSN 2070-7010 Benchmarking species diversification in global aquaculture CA7741EN/1/02.20 ISBN 978-92-5-132211-6 ISSN 2070-7010 9 7 8 9 2 5 1 3 2 2 11 6 Notes Stephanie King, Ford Evans, Hillary Egna, and Chris Langdon, Oregon State University, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA E-mail: kingste@ oregonstate.edu References Demetropoulos, C.L. and C.J. Langdon. 2004. Enhanced production of Pacific dulse (Palmaria mollis) for co-culture with abalone in a landbased system: nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace metal nutrition. Aquaculture 235(14):433-455. Despommier, D. and E. Ellingsen. 2008. The vertical farm: the sky-scraper as vehicle for a sustainable urban agriculture. Paper presented at the CTBUH 8th World Congress on Tall & Green: Typology for a Sustainable Urban Future. Evans, S., G.L. Rorrer and C.J. Langdon. 2021. Cultivation of the macrophytic red alga Palmaria mollis (Pacific dulse) on vertical arrays of mesh panels in aerated tanks. Journal of Applied Phycology 33(6):3915-3926. Kim, J., M. Stekoll and C. Yarish. 2019. Opportunities, challenges and future directions of open-water seaweed aquaculture in the United States. Phycologia 58:446-461. doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2 019.1625611 Mouritsen, O.G., C. Dawczynski, L. Duelund, G. Jahreis, W. Vetter and M. Schröder. 2013. On the human consumption of the red seaweed dulse (Palmaria palmata (L.) Weber & Mohr). Journal of Applied Phycology 25:1777-1791. Dulse growth in Trial 2 plateaued after the second week and by Day 21 had lost much of its red coloring. The change in color, along with the growth plateau, suggest that nutrients may have been limiting growth. There was no epiphyte growth on the dulse itself, and only on Day 20 of Trial 2 were microalgae detected on the mesh panels. Discussion The results from these aeroponic trials are encouraging for future research. The growth rates obtained are a promising indicator that, with continued testing and modifications, the aeroponic system will have the ability to produce dulse biomass on the same scale as that of tumble culture. For this to be achieved, modifications would first need to occur. The most pressing of these changes are optimizing culture conditions by the inclusion of nutrients and optimizing the light intensity, wavelength and photoperiod. Dulse aeroponics could also be incorporated into recirculating aquaculture systems and may provide opportunities for growers with limited tank capacity as it uses physical space more efficiently and could also provide a method to improve the capture of atmospheric CO2. Looking toward the future of the system in research, there are emerging opportunities to use it to cultivate various species of seaweeds. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Oregon State University and NOAA (National Aquaculture grant #NA18OAR4170328) for providing space for the work and funding. Thank you to Scarlett Arbuckle, Henry Fleener, Landon Bunting, family and friends. FIGURE 3. Dulse panels before being placed in the aeroponics system (left) and at the end (right) of Trial 2 (Photos: Stephanie King).
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