WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • MARCH 2023 45 TABLE 5. Behavioral indicators and the three-score thresholds. Indicator name Score Grow out and finish Foraging behaviour 1 All feed eaten in 3 to 6 minutes (time taken to eat all 2 All feed eaten in 2 to 3 minutes feed in minutes) 3 All feed eaten in <2 min OR >6 min Swimming behaviour 1 Normal swimming, no visisble dorsal fins or belly on the water surface 2 Excited swimming behaviour, but few fish with dorsal fins or belly on the water surface 3 Swimming in different directions or decreasing activity, fish stuck against net, fish floating on side, exposition of body to air for prolonged period, exhaustion Effective stunning 1 Instantaneous loss of EQ, TGR, OB and VER 2 Instantaneous loss of EQ and TGR, progressive loss of OB and VER in ≤30s 3 Progressive loss of EQ, TGR, VER and BO in ≥31s Broom, D.M. 1996. Animal welfare defined in terms of attempts to cope with the environment. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A – Animal Science Supplement 27:22-28. Broom, D.M. 2007. Cognitive ability and sentience: Which aquatic animals should be protected? Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 75:99-108. doi.org/10.3354/dao075099 Broom, D.M. 2011. A history of animal welfare science. Acta Biotheoretica 59:121-137. doi.org/10.1007/S10441-011-9123-3 EFSA Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. 2005. Aspects of the Biology and Welfare of Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes. EFSA-Q-2004-105. EFSA Journal 292:1-46. Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC). 1996. FAWC report on the welfare of farmed fish. assets.publishing.service.gov. uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/325555/FAWC_report_on_the_welfare_of_farmed_fish.pdf Fernandes, J.N. P.H. Hemsworth, G.J. Coleman and A.J. Tilbrook. 2021. Costs and benefits of improving farm animal welfare. Agriculture 11(2):104. doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020104 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2022. The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, Italy. Mellor, D.J. 2019. Welfare-aligned sentience: Enhanced capacities to experience, interact, anticipate, choose and survive. Animals (Basel) 9(7):440. doi.org/10.3390/ani9070440 Mellor, D.J. and N.J. Beausoleil. 2015. Extending the ‘Five Domains’ model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states. Animal Welfare 24:241-253. doi. org/10.7120/09627286.24.3.241 Pedrazzani, A.S., M.H. Quintiliano, F. Bolfe, E.C.O Sans and C.F.M. Molento. 2020. Tilapia on-farm welfare assessment protocol for semi-intensive production systems. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7. doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.606388 Pedrazzani, A.S., C.P. dos Santos Tavares, M. Quintiliano, N. Cozer and A. Ostrensky. 2022. New indices for the diagnosis of fish welfare and their application to the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) reared in earthen ponds. Aquaculture Research 53:5825-5845. doi.org/10.1111/are.16105. Ohl, F. and F.J. van der Staay. 2012. Animal welfare: At the interface between science and society. The Veterinary Journal 192(1):13-19. doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.05.019.
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