WWW.WA S .ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2022 31 Cheng, Y., J. Zhao, C.L. Ayisi and X. Cao. 2020. Effects of salinity and alkalinity on fatty acids, free amino acids and related substance anabolic metabolism of Nile tilapia. Aquaculture and Fisheries 7:389-395. Cheng, Y.M., J.L. Zhao, S.J. Tang, C.L. Ayisi, H.Q. Tu and L.Y. Song. 2019. Comparison on the meat quality of tilapia cultured in saline-alkaline water and freshwater. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences 48(4):125-134. Fast, A.W., E.C. Tan, D.F. Stevens, J.C. Oslon, J. Qin and D.K. Barclay. 1999. Paddlewheel aerator oxygen transfer efficiencies at three salinities. Aquacultural Engineering 19:99-103. Fraga, I., E.R. Flores, R. Reyes and Y. Llanes. 2012. Efecto de diferentes densidades de siembra en el engorde de tilapia roja (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. aureus) en jaulas colocadas en la bahía de Casilda. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas 32(1):16-23. Geldenhuys, K. 2013. Market opportunities with MSC; perspective from a certified fishery. Sustainable Seafood Symposium (p. 22pp). Sales &Marketing Director at Sea Harvest Corporation (Pty) Ltd: The Marine Stewardship Council]. Original not viewed, cited by: Lallemand, P., Bergh, M., Hansen, M., Venter, C. & Purves, M. 2014. An analysis of the economic benefits of MSC certification for the South African hake trawl fishery. In: Proceedings of the 17th IIFET Conference, July 7-11, 2014, Brisbane, Australia. Head, W.D., A. Zerbi and W.O. Wantanabe. 1994. Preliminary observations on the marketability of saltwater-cultured Florida red tilapia in Puerto Rico. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 24:432-441. Howerton, R.D., D.K. Okimoto and E.G. Grau. 1992. The effect of orally administered 17α-methyltestosterone and triiodothyronine on growth and proximate body composition of seawater-adapted tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 23:123-128. Hyuha, T.S., W. Ekere, H. Egna and J.J. Molnar. 2017. Social and economic performance of tilapia farming in Uganda. Pages 127-144 in: J. Cai, K.K. Quagrainie and N. Hishamunda, editors. Social and Economic Performance of Tilapia Farming in Africa. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1130. Rome, Italy. Infofish. 2003. Taiwan aquaculture production surging ahead with pride and satisfaction. Infofish International 4/2003. Iwama, G.K., A. Takemura and K. Takano. 1997. Oxygen consumption rates of tilapia in fresh water, sea water, and hypersaline sea water. Journal of Fish Biology 51:886-894. Kourie, R.M. 2017a. Optimizing tilapia biofloc technology systems, part 1: Engineering design at Chambo Fisheries, the world’s largest biofloc tank farm for tilapia. Global Aquaculture Advocate. https://www.aquaculturealliance.org/advocate/optimizing-tilapiabiofloc-technology-systems-part-1/ Kourie, R.M. 2017b. Optimizing tilapia biofloc technology systems, part 2: Feeds and feeding systems at Chambo Fisheries in Africa. Global Aquaculture Advocate. https://www.aquaculturealliance. org/advocate/optimizing-tilapia-biofloc-technology-systemspart-2/ Kourie, R.M. 2017c. Optimizing tilapia biofloc technology systems, part 3: Comparative economics and environmental performance ( C O N T I N U E D O N P A G E 3 2 ) before onward sales to a processing plant. Then, a large-scale BFT based marine tilapia industry along the east coast would be the leastcost producer of tilapia in the country, the least-cost source of animal protein in South Africa and the least-cost producer of scalable quantities of tilapia in Africa. Equally on the international stage the THAPI Marine Tilapia Industry Vision 2035 would be highly competitive where the farm gate break-even production costs of around R15/kg (US$1/kg) live weight (Table 1) are then some 18.4-25 percent less than break-even production costs of R18.30-19.80/kg (US$1.22-1.32/kg) for tilapia farm sizes ranging from <1 ha to >10 ha in China (Yuan et al. 2017). Equally significant is the positive pull effect created by the THAPI Marine Tilapia Industry Vision 2035 for feedstock raw materials that additionally provides a choice opportunity to transform available land, water and human capital for food security and income generation involving 15,000-30,000 farmer families per 20,000 t tilapia cluster in the rural Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Five clusters are planned at Phase 5 (up to150,000 farmer families and 100,000 t of fish production) on the Eastern Cape and KwaZuluNatal coastline. Farmers would plant feedstock crops for the Marine Tilapia Industry and also produce nutritious crops such as pulses and legumes, maize and sorghum for local/regional consumption and other markets (Fig. 9). The THAPI Marine Tilapia Vision 2035 offers a prime opportunity to rescale developmental objectives, using new inclusive growth conduits to address the triple challenges of rural poverty, unemployment and inequality on the one hand, as well as address rural nutritional security and food sovereignty on the other hand. The vision addresses SDG 2 to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and to promote sustainable agriculture and aquaculture, and both, indirectly and directly via substitution, and supports SDG 14 which targets healthy oceans for food security, nutrition and resilient communities. Given this mission then, the THAPI Marine Tilapia Industry Vision 2035 offers one of the most attractive solutions to countering the prevalence of household food insecurity with nearly 60.6 percent and 50 percent of households dependent on social grants in 2019 (Stats SA 2020) and an official unemployment rate of 47.9 percent and 29.6 percent (Stats SA 2021) in the rural Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, respectively, over the period October-December 2020. Notes Ramon Kourie is technical director of THAPI Aqua-Kulcha and N. Dladla is the Chief Executive Officer of the ECRDA. References Atanda A. and O. Fagbenro. 2017. Social & economic performance of tilapia farming in Nigeria. Pages 113-125 in J. Cai, K. Quagrainie and N. Hishamunda, editors. Social and economic performance of tilapia farming in Africa. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular (C1130). FAO, Rome. Barreto-Curiel, F., F.E. Durazo and M.T. Viana. 2015. Growth, ammonium excretion, and oxygen consumption of hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis aureus) grown in seawater and freshwater. Ciencias Marinas 41(3):247-254. Boyd, C.E. and B.J. Watten. 1989. Aeration systems in aquaculture. CRC Critical Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 1:425-472
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