World Aquacluture Magazine - September 2020

WWW.WA S.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEP TEMBER 2020 49 Davis, K.B., B.R. Griffin andW.L. Gray. 2002. Effect of handling stress on susceptibility of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and channel catfish virus infection. Aquaculture 214:55-66. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. 2012. The state of world fisheries and aqua- culture 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Hammed, A.M., F.A. Awe, A.O. Amosu, H.A. Fashina-Bombata and A.O. Olanloye. 2017. Antibacterial activities of Neem leave ( Azadirachta indica ) extracts on African mudcCatfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822 ). International Journal of Science and Technology (The Experi- ment) 42:4, 2453-2462. Hammed, A.M., A.O. Amosu, F.A. Awe and F.F. Gbadamosi (2015): Ef- fects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on bacteria ( Aeromonas hydroph- ila ) infected adults African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). International Journal of Current Research 7(11): 22117-22122 Harborne, J.B. 1973. Phytochemical Methods: AGuide toModern Tech- niques of Plant Analysis. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, 279 p. Harikrishnan, R., M.-C. Kim, J.-S. Kim, C. Balasundaram andM.-S. Heo. 2011a. Protective effect of herbal and probiotics enriched diet on haema- tological and immunity status of Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel) against Edwardsiella tarda. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 30:886-893. Iguchi, K., K. Ogawa, M. Nagae and F. Ito. 2003. The influence of rearing density on stress response and disease susceptibility of ayu ( Plecoglos- sus altivelis ). Aquaculture 220:515-523. Mohapatra, S., T. Chakraborty, V. Kumar, G. DeBoeck and K.N. Mohanta. 2013. Aquaculture and stress management: a review of probiotic inter- vention: stress management by probiotics administration. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (Berl) 97:405-430. Oloyede, O.I. 2005. Chemical profile of unripe pulp of Carica papaya. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 4:379-381. Pasnik, D.J., J.J. Evans, V.S. Panangala, P.H. Klesius, R.A. Shelby and C.A. Shoemaker. 2005. Antigenicity of Streptococcus agalactiae extracellu- lar products and vaccine efficacy. Journal of Fish Diseases 28:205-212. Quesada, S.P., J.A.R. Paschoal and F.G.R. Reyes. 2013. Considerations on the aquaculture development and on the use of veterinary drugs: special issue for fluoroquinolones—a review. Journal of Food Science 78:1321- 1333. Rico, A., T.M. Phu, K. Satapornvanit, J. Min, A.M. Shahabuddin, P.J.G. Henriksson, F.J. Murray, D.C. Little, A. Dalsgaard and P.J. Van den Brink. 2013. Use of veterinary medicines, feed additives and probiotics in four major internationally traded aquaculture species farmed in Asia. Aquaculture 412/413:231-243. Sebastião, F.A., D. Nomura, R. Sakabe and F. Pilarski. 2011. Haematol- ogy and productive performance of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) naturally infected with Flavobacterium columnare . Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 42:282-289. Siddiqui, S., S. Faizi, B.S. Siddiqui and S.F. Ghiasuddin . 1992. Constitu- ents of Azadirachta indica : Isolation and structure elucidation of a new antibacterial tetranortriterpenoid, mahmoodin, and a new protoli- monoid, naheedin. Journal of Natural Products 55:303-310. Van der Nat, J.M., W.G. Van der Sluis, L.A. Thart, H. Van Dijk, K.T.D. de Silva and R.P. Labadie. 1991. Activity-guided isolation and identification of Azadirachta indica bark extract constituents which specifically inhibit chemiluminescence production by activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Planta Medica 57:65-68. Histology Catfish were also sacrificed to obtain gills and liver for histologi- cal analyses. These tissues were collected, stored in sample bottles and preserved with formalin before analysis at the Histology Unit, De- partment of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Fish showed abscesses on skin after inoculation (Fig. 1). Gills (Fig. 2) and liver (Fig. 3) were normal at a concentration of 7.5 mg/mL of neem leaf extract. There were no significant changes in the control. Gills of the controlled experimental fish consist of a well arranged primary and secondary lamellae or filaments with slender branching projection lined by highly vascularized simple epithelium. In contrast, gills exposed to bacterial infection showed varying degree of changes frommild degeneration of epithelial cells, necrosis and atrophy. Gills of fish treated with 7.5 mg/mL of neem leaf extract were normal. The liver of African catfish exposed to bacteria showed mild dif- fuse vacoulation of hepatocytes after inoculation. This was as a result of increase in the size of lipid droplets, thus leading to the vacuoliza- tion in the liver. Vacuolization also indicates an imbalance between the rate of synthesis of substances in the parenchyma cells and the rate of their release into the circulating system. It is also an indication of direct harmful effects of bacteria or pollutants on hepatocytes because it is the site of detoxification of all types of toxins and chemicals. The liver of catfish with 7.5 mg/mL of neem leaf extract were normal. Summary Hematological and histological indices in this experiment showed responses by catfish inoculated with bacteria. Treatment with neem leaf extract helped to exert more antibacterial properties on the fish, thereby improving the hematological and the histological profile. Notes AyofeM. Hammed and Folalu A. Awe, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, P.O. Box 0001, LASU Post office, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria Corresponding author: amhammed2001@yahoo.com ; amhammed2008@gmail.com References Ashley, P.J. 2007. Fish welfare: current issues in aquaculture. Applied Animal Behavior Science 104:199-235. Awe, F.A., A.M. Hammed, O.O. Akinyemi, O.O. Whenu and O.A. Olan- loye. 2019a. Antibacterial activities of Mango leaf ( Mangifera indica ) extracts on catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Asian Journal of Agricultural Research 13:28-36. Awe, F.A., A.M. Hammed and O.A. Olanloye. 2019b. Effects of whole lemon grass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) extract on bacteria ( Aeromonas veronii ) infected with sub-adult Clarias gariepinus . Asian Journal of Applied Science 12:99-107 Cabello, F.C. 2006. Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environ- ment. 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