World Aquaculture Magazine - June 2020

WWW.WA S.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2020 31 depending solely on family information. This last point can have a great impact on shrimp breeding, as it would allow the accurate incorpora- tion of genetic data from ponds without increasing biosecurity risks. Application of genomic selection is feasible when combining an eco- nomically efficient method for scanning the genome of broodstock for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, and genomic computa- tion to reduce the overall burden of genotyping costs (Fig. 6). With the development of genetic tools and understanding of breeding strategies, the economic costs for incorporating genomic selection to accelerate shrimp breeding programs are no longer barriers to implementation. Shrimp Broodstock Needs of India: Horses for Courses Ravi Kumar Yellanki Indian shrimp aquaculture has been growing at a galloping pace ever since introduction of SPF Pacific white shrimp in 2009. India is the only country among shrimp-producing countries that imports all required broodstock, more than 200,000 animals every year. India is also the only country in the world to take all broodstock through a central quarantine, wherein broodstock are tested for all OIE-listed diseases before being released to hatcheries. Of late, the profitability of farmers is coming down as emerging diseases are making operations unviable andWSSV continues to play havoc every now and then. The conventional SPF stocks do not seem to be giving all that good results as there is an explosion of farming on many creeks, limiting the carry- ing capacity. Implementing foolproof biosecurity measures is also very difficult as farmers are small with average per capita land holdings of less than 2 ha. The industry needs tolerant stocks for WSSV and patho- genic bacteria. We need to look at Ecuador’s sustainability over the years and consider the type of broodstock their industry is developing. Apart from biosecurity and carrying capacity issues, high temper- ature in summer months is exacerbating bacterial problems, contribut- ing to morbidities and mortalities. Indigenous species like P. monodon and P. indicus stand a better chance in summer. Once domesticated stocks of these two species are available, they would also help the tradi- tional tidal-water farmers, who are presently getting very low survivals, to improve efficiency. In India it is very difficult to change the farming infrastructure to provide better biosecurity and enable high stocking densities. It makes more sense to change the horses than the courses. Notes JimWyban (Marine Genetics, Hilo, Hawaii, jim.wyban@gmail.com ) Robins McIntosh (Charoen Pokphand Foods, Bangkok, Thailand, robmc101@yahoo.com) has been employed by the Charoen Pokphand Foods for 18 years where he is responsible for shrimp and fish breeding programs. He has over 35 years’ experience in shrimp, working and living in eight countries on four continents in farm, hatchery, feed and broodstock sectors of the business. Melony Sellars (Genics, Brisbane, Australia, Melony.Sellars@genics. com) delivers advanced genetic technologies to the commercial marketplace, revolutionizing todays farming practices to deliver global food security. She has over 20 years of experience in the shrimp aquaculture sector. Kyle Martin (Hendrix Genetics Aquaculture B.V., Kyle.Martin@ hendrix-genetics.com ) received a master’s degree at Washington State University focusing on genetic applications to aquaculture. In 2008 he started as a geneticist with Troutlodge, focusing on breeding program improvements. Now, as part of Hendrix Genetics, he is the lead geneticist for Troutlodge and Kona Bay. ShaunM. Moss (Oceanic Institute of Hawaii Pacific University, Waimanalo, Hawaii, smoss@hpu.edu ) served as Director of the Shrimp Department at Oceanic Institute (OI) and researched selective breeding, biosecurity, and environmentally sustainable growout technologies. Currently, he is Executive Director of Oceanic Institute of Hawaii Pacific University and has worked on aquaculture projects in China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam. Oscar Hennig (Benchmark Genetics, Kailua-Kona Hawaii, oscar. hennig@bmkgenetics.com) is the Operations Director for Benchmark Genetics, Shrimp division. His areas of responsibilities include operational and commercial management for the company’s shrimp breeding program. Oscar has 30 years of work experience in the shrimp farming industry, 20 of those years working in Kona Hawai’i with the SPF breeding industry. Robin Pearl (American Penaeid, Inc. Fort Myers, Florida, Rpearl@ penaeid.com ) is a serial entrepreneur who founded companies in diverse fields with sustainable undertones. He previously founded the largest inland marine shrimp farm in the US ( Ocean Boy Farms). His current farm (API) is the leading fresh shrimp producer in the USA. API is the main supplier of shrimp post-larvae to shrimp farms in North America and the EU. API operates one of the most advanced DNA-based shrimp genetic programs in the world. API has developed High Vigor shrimp broodstock that are now helping shrimp farmers worldwide have productive shrimp crops that have a huge impact for them, their families and their communities. John T. Buchanan (Center for Aquaculture Technologies, SanDiego, CA, jbuchanan@aquatechcenter.com ) is the President and CEO for the Center for Aquaculture Technologies (CAT), which is a contract research company in SanDiego. John spent five years as the Director of R&D at AquaBounty Technologies. John also held positions at Louisiana State University, the University of California at SanDiego School ofMedicine, andKent SeaTech Corporation. He has led research on the application of genetic engineering to aquaculture, the use of selective breeding, hatchery technologies, and genomics for improved productivity in finfish, the development of novel therapeutics for aquaculture, and themolecular and genetic basis for virulence in aquatic and human pathogens. Ravi Kumar Yellanki (Vaisakhi Biomarine Ltd. Vizak India, yelra@ rediffmail.com ) has over 20 years in shrimp hatchery management as an owner operator of several industrial-scale shrimp hatcheries in India. He is an active industry booster and thought leader of India’s shrimp industry and is President of India’s Society of Aquaculture Professionals (SAP). FIGURE 6. Density map showing distribution of 50,000 SNPs among all 44 chromosomes of Pacific white shrimp