32 SEPTEMBER 2016 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Nanoemulsion is an isotropic system of two immiscible liquids (water and oil), which stabilizes with the addition of an appropriate amount of surfactant. Nanoemulsions usually range from 20-200 nm. They can exist as water in oil or oil in water forms and carry vaccine in their core or can just simply be mixed with antigens for delivery. MF59, Montanide and Tailorable nano-sized emulsion (TNE) are some of the emulsion-based nanoparticles. The most investigated nanoparticles in fish vaccine research up to now are polymeric chitosan and PLGA nanoparticles (Mohamed et al. 2016). Chitosan nanoparticles have been used for the development of fish vaccines, for example the inactivated virus vaccine against infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) that incorporates the DNA coding for ISAV replicase as an adjuvant (Andrea et al. 2015). Another oral DNA vaccine was developed by loading the outer membrane protein K (ompK) gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus onto chitosan nanoparticles. This recombinant nanovaccine elicited a protective immune response in black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii against V. parahaemolyticus (Li et al. 2013). The efficacy of PLGA nanoparticles as a DNA vaccine carrier and adjuvant has been reported (Wang et al. 1999, Tinsley et al. 2000, Holvold et al.2014). Examples include: • An oral DNA vaccine in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus against lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) (Tian et al. 2008, Tian et al. 2011). • An orally administered DNA vaccine was used to immunize rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, and an immune response was observed (Adomako et al. 2012). • Oral delivery of liposome nanoparticle based Carp Herpes Virus-3, A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida, was attempted (Irie et al. 2005, Yasumoto et al. 2006a, 2006b, Miyazaki et al. 2008). • Oral administration with PMMMA-PLGA/Trx-SIP nanoparticles stimulated robust immunity in tilapia, an animal with a relatively simple immune system (Lei et al. 2015). • An oral DNA vaccine based on chitosan nanoparticles has been developed against reddish body iridovirus recently (Zheng et al. 2016). • An oral DNA vaccine against Vibrio anguillarum in Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer was developed using chitosan and chitosan/tripoly phosphate nanoparticles. The nanovaccine conferred only moderate protection against the pathogen (Rajesh et al. 2008, Vimal et al. 2012). • The effectiveness of recombinant DNA-chitosan nanoparticles in providing protection against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp was investigated. When administered orally, the vaccine enhanced shrimp immunity, providing a protective response against WSSV (Rajesh et al. 2009, Vimal et al. 2013). Conclusion Nanoparticle-based vaccines have tremendous advantages and applicability as fish vaccines. The article has mentioned several research attempts and success stories in eliciting good immune response in aquaculture species. However, nanovaccine research in aquaculture health management is in its infancy and more research and development is required. Nanoparticle-based vaccines represents a potential option for injection-free, mass vaccination in aquaculture. Note Dr. T.N. 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